UNIX

Major metaphors:
   * files             	everything is a file. (your program, your mouse, ...)

   * piping            	take output form one program and make it the input
   			for another.

Interface:
   * shells           	a shell is just a program that reads user
   			commands and executes them, 'exec' system call.

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Shells (tcsh):
   * globing		matching expressions
   				args.sh *.txt
				args.sh i*.txt
				args.sh * ~
   * escaping		passing * or other special char to a program
   				args.sh \* \~
   * quoting            grouping arguments and quoting special chars (slide 17)
  				args.sh "hello world!"
				args.sh "my $HOME"
				args.sh 'my $HOME'
   * path		Where programs are looked for.
   				echo $PATH
   * env                Enveronment variables
   				setenv EDITOR emacs
				echo $USER
				env   			
   * alias		Add a command alias
   				alias
				alias edit emacs
				alias lj 'ls *.java'
				alias ll 'ls -l'

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Getting Around:
   * pwd		Print Working Directory
   * ls			List
   				ls
				ls *.java
				ls -l
				ls -a                    (note . and ..)
				ls -F
   * cd			Change Directory:
				cd
				cd /usr/bin
				cd ~hartline/TA/UNIX-Emacs/
				cd ..

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Dealing with files:
   * cat		Concatinate: concatinate 1 or more files
   				cat UNIX.txt
				cat *.txt
   * head/tail		Head/Tail: show the beginning/end of a file
   				head UNIX.txt
				tail UNIX.txt
				head -1 UNIX.txt
   * more(less/most)	Page through file with <more> prompt
   				more UNIX.txt
   * grep		Search files for regular expression
   				grep UNIX UNIX.txt
   * mkdir		Make Directory
   				mkdir my-dir
   * cp			Copy File(s)
   				cp *.txt my-dir
				cp UNIX.txt intro.old
   * mv			Move/Rename Files
   				mv intro.old intro.very-old
				mv intro.very-old my-dir
   * rm			Remove File:
				rm *.o
				rm -r my-dir

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Piping (tcsh):
   * From file
   	cat < UNIX.txt
   * To file:
        echo "hello world" > foo.out
   * Between Programs:
        cat *.txt | grep UNIX
   * Grouping
        (echo hello; echo world) > bar.out
   * Appending
   	echo hello again >> foo.out
   * Command Substitution
        args.sh `cat foo.out`

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Shell Variables, etc (tcsh):
   * autolist
   * path                  (which)
   * noclobber
   * autologout

   * examples
   	unset noclobbor
   	set autolist
   	set path = ($path /uns/bin)
   
Command History (slide 27)
   * !5
   * !!
   * ^P/^N
   * arrow keys
   * history

Shell Startup (slide 10):
   * .login
   * .cshrc

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Jobs:
   * fg/bg
   * ^Z
   * jobs
   * ps
   * kill
   * nice

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More Sources For Information:
   * man pages
   	man ls
	man -k perl
   * info
        info make
	info gcc
	(from emacs) M-x info
   * ToolsTalks Slides
        http://www.cs.washington.edu/uns/ToolsTalks/