expressions

    + - * /                        basic arithmetic

    **                             exponentiation

    %                              remainder

        VALUE % 2 tells you whether a number is odd
        VALUE % 10 chops a digit off of a number


math commands
    abs(VALUE)              absolute value
    ceil(VALUE)             rounds up
    cos(VALUE)              cosine, in radians
    floor(VALUE)            rounds down
    log(VALUE)              logarithm, base e
    log10(VALUE)            logarithm, base 10
    max(VALUE1, VALUE2)     larger of two values
    min(VALUE1, VALUE2)     smaller of two values
    round(VALUE)            nearest whole number
    sin(VALUE)              sine, in radians
    sqrt(VALUE)             square root


variables

    VARIABLE = VALUE

    VARIABLE = input("message")         read a value from the keyboard


    print "message"

    print EXPRESSION

    print EXPRESSION1, EXPRESSION2, ..., EXPRESSIONn


selection and repetition

    for VARIABLE in range(MIN, MAX):
        statements

    if CONDITION:
        statements
    elif CONDITION:
        statements
    else:
        statements

    while CONDITION:
        statements

    < > <= >= == !=                operators for comparing numbers/values
    && || !                        operators for combining logical values



strings and text processing

    "this is a string"

    reading a string as input
        VAR = raw_input("message")

    for letter in STRING:
        do something

    gluing strings together
        "hello" + "there" --> "hellothere"
        "hello" * 3       --> "hellohellohello"

    grabbing the pieces of a string
        s = "hi there"
        s[0]              --> "h"
        s[1]              --> "i"
        s[2]              --> " "
        ...
        s[7]              --> "e"

        s[0:3]            --> "hel"
        s[2:5]            --> " th"
        s[3:]             --> "there"
        s[:2]             --> "hi"

    testing properties of a string or character
        len(VAR)          --> number of characters in the string.
        str.isalpha(VAR)  --> True if the string is a letter, False if not.
        str.lower(VAR)    --> a lowercase version of the string.
        str.upper(VAR)    --> an uppercase version of the string.

    converting between numbers and strings

        ord("a") --> 97
        chr(97) --> "a"
        
    reading a file
        
        VARIABLENAME = open("FILENAME").read()

        or
        
        for line in open("FILENAME").readlines():
            statements



drawing with the drawingpanel:

    from drawingpanel import *

    panel = drawingpanel(WIDTH, HEIGHT)
    g = panel.get_graphics()

    g.create_line(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill="color")
    g.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill="color", outline="color")
    g.create_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill="color", outline="color")

    panel.mainloop()